1.
Pathology Of Experimentally Induced Stunting Syndrome In Broilers
by Ghulam Mustafa | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. Mian | Dr. Shahzada Khurram Ashraf | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1993Dissertation note: One hundred and twenty, day-old commercial broiler chicks were obtained. These chicks were divided randomly into two equal groups i.e. control (A) and treatment (B). Each chick of both the groups was weighed and then dosed with one ml of either tryptose phosphate broth (A) or prepared inocula (B) at the same day. Chicks of both the groups were housed separately under similar standard managemental conditions. By 1-2 days of inoculation it was observed that the affected birds of group-B were having pasty vents and diarrhoea of yellow to brownish color. They were having a hunched appearance, ruffled feathers and drooping wings. By 4- 5th day of age an unevenness in the size of inoculated birds was quite obvious. By second week of age some underweight birds had feather developing problems and they were lame showing the lesions of tenosynovitis. In the subsequent period of experiment it was noticed that these severely affected birds had few ruffled, short broken-shaft mature wing feathers and in the later stages of experiment these birds had pale combs, wattles and shanks. During 28-days experiment 20% of the inoculated birds died while none of the bird died amongst the control group.
Each chick of both the groups was weighed at the end of every seven days upto day-28 of the experiment. While to determine the "Feed Conversion Ratio" (FCR) sufficient amount of feed was provided to each group and the remaining feed in feeding troughs was calculated at the same weekly intervals. It was statistically concluded that birds of group-B remained significantly lighter in the weight at all the stages of experiment with severely impaired "Feed Conversion Ratio".
By 29th day of the experiment 23-stunted birds from group-B and an equal number of normal birds from group-A were slaughtered, all of these birds were weighed prior to and post slaughtering. Then the weight of skin, dressed carcasses, muscles, bones, and all the internal organs was also ascertained and their ercentage weight relative to the respective live weight of bird was also determined. During the dressing the gross lesions observed were also recorded. It was observed that the stunted birds were severely emaciated and their skeleton was brittle which broke easily during dislocation. The intestine of the affected birds were palor and filled with partially digested feed and gases. The pancreas and the lymphoid organs were severely atrophied. The lungs, kidneys and the liver were congested, while the heart was having the lesions of focal rnyocarditis.
Then some of the affected organs (intestines, pancreas, liver, spleen, kidney, femur bone and muscles) were processed for histopathological examination. Although all of these organs were having the characteristic changes hut amongst them the pancreas was the most severely affected organ which revealed the classical histopathological alterations necessary for understanding the pathogenesis of the syndrome. Whereas affected spleen presented reduced number of lymphoid follicles with less number of lymphocytes per follicle indicating incidence of immuno-suppression. The datas obtained during present study were analysed statistically by applying student's t-test.
Hence we can estimate a successful induction of the syndrome by a crude intestinal homogenate prepared from the affected birds under local conditions.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0352,T] (1).
2.
Study Of The Pathogenesis Of Oedema In Broiler Chicks Affected With Hydropericardium Pulmonary
by Shirin Munir | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. Rashid | Dr. Shahzada Khurram Ashraf | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1993Dissertation note: For this research project 120 one-day old broiler chicks were divided into two groups i.e., A and B. The birds in group B were challenged with the H.P.S. agent at 15 days of age, whereas those in group A were dealt with as control birds. After the appearance of the syndrome serum samples were obtained from the diseased as well as control birds and then they were all perfused with 1% silver nitrate solution. Tissue samples from heart, liver, lungs, kidneys, spleen and bursa of fabricius were collected, processed and slides were prepared and stained by Haematoxylin and Eosin staining technique. In addition, tissue sections from all the organs were also stained by Silver nitrate impregnation technique.
The most peculiar post-mortem finding was over distension of the pericardial sac with clear or amber coloured fluid. The heart was mis-shaped, flabby with petechial haemorrhages on the epicardium. The liver was congested, swollen, friable with multiple pale areas of necrosis. Kidneys were enlarged, congested and dark in colour. The renal tissue was found to be much friable. Lungs were oedematous, congested and dark. The spleen showed congestion and haemorrhages. Bursa of fabricius was found to have normal appearance in some cases while in others showed slight atrophy.
For this research project 120 one-day old broiler chicks were divided into two groups i.e., A and B. The birds in group B were challenged with the H.P.S. agent at 15 days of age, whereas those in group A were dealt with as control birds. After the appearance of the syndrome serum samples were obtained from the diseased as well as control birds and then they were all perfused with 1% silver nitrate solution. Tissue samples from heart, liver, lungs, kidneys, spleen and bursa of fabricius were collected, processed and slides were prepared and stained by Haematoxylin and Eosin staining technique. In addition, tissue sections from all the organs were also stained by Silver nitrate impregnation technique.
The most peculiar post-mortem finding was over distension of the pericardial sac with clear or amber coloured fluid. The heart was mis-shaped, flabby with petechial haemorrhages on the epicardium. The liver was congested, swollen, friable with multiple pale areas of necrosis. Kidneys were enlarged, congested and dark in colour. The renal tissue was found to be much friable. Lungs were oedematous, congested and dark. The spleen showed congestion and haemorrhages. Bursa of fabricius was found to have normal appearance in some cases while in others showed slight atrophy.
The histopathological study of tissue sections stained by H&E staining technique revealed necrosis, accumulation of mononuclear cells and haemorrhages in the heart. The characteristic feature of liver was coagulative necrosis with disruption of hepatic cords. Some hepatocytes had basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies. Renal tissue showed massive necrosis and degeneration of tubular epithelium along with lymphocytic infiltration. The lungs had oederna and mononuclear cell infiltration. The spleen showed degeneration, necrosis and haernorrhages while bursa of fabricius exhibited disruptions in the epithelial covering of its follicles.
Silver nitrate impregnation explored distinct changes in the blood vessels. There was disruption of the capillary endothelium along with accumulation of oedema fluid around the capillaries and an increase in the size of intercellular spaces.
The data, obtained by the analysis of serum, statistically indicated that the concentration of serum sodium, potassium, urea and uric acid increased greatly whereas the total serum proteins were markedly decreased in the affected birds. Thus it can be concluded from this study that disruption of the capillary endothelium and severe damage and malfunctioning of the heart, liver and kidneys appear to play a predominant role in the development of edema in this syndrome.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0357,T] (1).
3.
The Incidence And Pathology Of Neoplasms Of Buffaloes In Sargodha District
by Khalid Bashir | Dr. Shakeel Akhtar Khan | Dr. Muhammad | Dr. Shahzada Khurram Ashraf | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1993Dissertation note: One hundred and forty tissue specimens (suspected neoplasms) were obtained from buffaloes in District Sargodha. These specimens were examined macro and microscopically. It was found that 37 neoplasms were benign and 63 neoplasms were malignant. The benign connective tissue tumours accounted for fibroma (12), melanoma (5). Benign epithelial tumour included papillorna (20). The malignant connective tissue tumour was sarcoma lympho(20) and the malignant epithelial tumour included ocular squamous cell carcinoma (35), horn cancer (6) and Adeno-carcinoma (2).
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0361,T] (1).
4.
The Incidence And Pathology Of Neoplasms Of Cattle In District Mirpur Azad Kashmir
by Ahmad Rafi | Dr. Shakeel Akhtar Khan | Dr shahzada khurram Ashraf | Dr. Mohammad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1993Dissertation note: A survey was conducted in Bhimber, Sammani and Iftikharabad areas of District Mirpur, Azad Kashmir to record the incidence of neoplasms among the cattle. One hundred and thirty tissue specimens (suspected neoplasms) were obtained either by biopsy or from slaughter houses. The tissue specimens were examined macroscopically and microscopically.
Out of total tissue specimens, 100 samples (43 biopsy samples and 57 morbid samples) proved neoplasms. Neoplasms accounted for 74 malignant and 26 benign. These neoplasms included 34% Bovine Ocular Squamous Cell Carcinoma, 16% I-Torn Cancer, 6% Carcinoma, 2% Adenocarcinoma, 16% Lymphosarcoma, 14% Papilloma, 6% Melanoma and 6% Fibroma.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0366,T] (1).
5.
A Study On The Pathology Of Internal Genital Organs Of Female Canmel (Camelus Dromedarius)
by Yasser Mustafa Butt, M | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. M. Athar | Dr. Shahzada Khurram Ashraf | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 2009Dissertation note: A total of 260 ovaries, 260 oviduct, and 130 cervices of 130 female camels including 15 female camel calves, 34 female camel heifer and 81 adult female camels were collected from the Lahore abattoir.
Biometrical values of normal ovaries, oviduct and cervices also determined. The biometrical values of both left and right ovaries comprising of length, width, thickness and weight were recorded. Statistically there was no difference in the measurements of both left and right ovaries which however, increased with the advancement of age of camel.
The mean length of the oviducts of these 3 age groups of female camels determined. There was no difference between the mean length of both left and right oviduct of same group but difference between the group and the length of the oviducts increased with the advancement of age.
The mean length of cervices and cervical annular rings of female camels of the 3 age groups were also determined. The mean length of cervices correlated well with the number of rings.
The incidence of diseased condition of ovaries and cervices in the 3 age groups were also noted which revealed that the incidence of diseased condition of ovaries in camel calves was nil and in heifer ovarian hypoplasia (2.94%) on left ovaries and follicular cyst (1.23%) in adult female camels on the left ovary.
The incidence of diseased condition of cervices in camel calves was nil, mucocervix (2.96%) in heifers and 2.46% including mucocervix (1.23%) and cervicitis (1.23%) in adult camels. The multiple diseased condition was found (1.53%) out of 130 genitalia.
The gross and histological findings of each diseased conditions were studied.
Haematological parameters i.e. Total leukocytic count and Differential leukocytic count studied in both normal and diseased conditions. The normal Total leukocytic values were higher in calf than heifer and adult. Differential leukocytic values were higher in adult. The neutrophils numbers were higher while basophils were lower. The values of Total leukocytic count and Differential leukocytic count were also increased in diseased condition.
The biometrical norms of ovary, oviduct and cervix have been established which could be used as yard stick in diagnosis of pregnancy in female camels. The study of diseased conditions of. ovary and cervices has line-lighted the type of disease and their extent in camel. The haemotological studies including Total leukocytic and Differential leukocytic count in both normal and diseased conditions will also helpful. Based on the information, prophylactic and control measure can better be formulated.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0369,T] (1).
6.
A Study On Pathology And Haematology Of Broiler Chickens Experimentally Infected With Salmonella
by Younus, M | Dr. Shahzada Khurram Ashraf | Dr. Mubasher | Dr. Shakeel Akhter Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1994Dissertation note: The investigation was conducted to study the pathology and Haemotology of broiler chickens suffering from experimental salmonella gallinarum infection. Total of 140 day did broiler chicks were reared upto 3 weeks of age and were fed on commercial poultry feed. The birds were randomly divided into four groups i,e. A, B, C and D containing 35 chicks in each group. The inoculation of broiler chicks of experimental groups were done at the age of two weeks at a dose rate of 1ml per bird through different routas ic group A through oral route, group B through subcut, group C through I/rn and group D was kept as control. All the groups were kept under close observation to record signs and symptoms. At the age of 3 weeks (7 days of post infection) the birds of experimental and control groups were slaughtered for the study of haematological parameters (Fib estimation, TEC and TLC), gross and histopathological lesions in visceral organs (Heart, Liver, lung, spleen and kidneys)
Antemortem symptoms were recorded throughout the experiment in all the infected groups and observed listlessness with ruffled feathers, droopy wings, poor growth, weakness, loss of appetite, adherence of whitish material to vent, laboured breathing, slight depression and increased thirst. Conjunctivitis and arthritis in few cases were observed.
The postmortem changes observed in all the infected groups A, B and C at the age of 21 days (7 clays post infection) included enlarged heart, necrosis of myocardium, pericarcil tis, enlarged creamy white liver with pin point haemorrhages, congested lungs with necrotic loci ple.nomegaiy. and swollen kidneys with c1isco1.oiration and triable consistency. No lesions could be observed in control group D.
Haemotological alterations were studied in all the groups i ,e A, B, C and D. There was a significant decrease in haemoglobin concentration, total erythrocytic count amongst all the infected groups A, B and C at 21 days of age (7 clays post infection) as compared to control group D. but: the total leukocytic count showed a significant increase in all the infected groups, i, e. A, B and C as compared to control group D at the 21 clays of age.
The main histopathological lesions observed in al .1 the infected groups A, B and C at the age of 21 clays (7 clays of post infection) in heart, liver, lungs, spleen and kidneys included necrosis, haemorrhage and leukocytic: infiltration. However, in few cases fatty destrophy, congestion and degenerative changes were also observed. No histopathological lesion could be observed in control group D.
From present study it was concluded that fowl typhoid caused by Salmonella gallinarum infection resulted in higher mortality and pathological changes especially through intramuscular route as compared to other routes of infection.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0370,T] (1).
7.
Effect Of Vitamin E Deficiency And Excess On Immune System Of Broiler Chickens
by Fauzia Kaukab Bashir | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. Muhammad | Dr. Shahzada Khurram Ashraf | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1994Dissertation note: This study was carried out to investigate whether different dietary levels of vitamin E (recommended, deficient and excess) had any detrimental or beneificial effect on body weight gain, lymphoid organs, haemalotogical values, humoral response to NDV-vacci nation, eel I ular response to tuberculin and phagocytic activity of neutrophils of broiler chickens.
The study indicated that vitamin E supplementation 300 lU/Kg feed had beneficial effects on the weight gain of birds, weight of lymphoid organs such as bursa of fabricius, spleen, thymus and liver; feed intake and feed conversion ratio; serum antibody development against NDV vaccination; phagocytic index and delayed hypersensitivity index. Whereas, vitamin E deficiency adversely affects the body weight gain; weights of lymphoid organs such as bursa of fabricius, spleen, thymus and liver; feed intake and feed conversion ratio, serum antibody development NDV vaccination; Phagocytic index and delayed hypersensitivity index.
No significant effect of vitamin E supplementation/deficiecy was noted on haematological values.
From the results of this study it is concluded that vitamin E is not an immunosuppressive agent when used at recommended leavels or even in excess. Vitamin E deficient level in diet lowersthe immunocompetance of broiler chicken, whereas vitamin E excess level in diet improved immune responses and body weight gain.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0388,T] (1).
8.
Studies On Blood Chemistry And Histopathological Alteration Induced By Mycoplasma Gallisepticum In Broiler
by Shahida Parveen | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. Asif | Dr. Shahzada Khurram Ashraf | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1994Dissertation note: For this project 120 one-day-old broiler chicks were divided into two equal groups i.e. A and B. The birds in group B were challenged with Mycoplasma gallisepticum at 7 days of age, whereas those in group A were dealt with as control birds. After 21 days of post infection serum samples were obtained from the diseased as well as control birds during slaughtering. Tissue samples from lungs, liver and trachea were collected and processed for histopathological examination.
The postmortem findings revealed catarrhal exudate in the flares, sinuses, trachea, lungs and oedema of airsacs wall. The lungs were congested, dark in colour and inflammed. Liver showed fibri nopurulent perihepatitis, haemorrhages and congestion. Trachea was found to have a tenacious viscous cloudy exudate which was adherent to the tracheal wall.
The histopathological sections showed oedema, haemorrhages, congestion, massive infiltration of monocytes and heterophils in the lungs. The liver showed evidence of necrosis, haemorrhages and infiltration of heterophils, lymphocytes in interlobular spaces around portal vessels. The trachea showed epithelial and submucosal infiltration with lymphocytes, hypertrophy of epithelial mucous glands' and some catarrhal exudate on the mucosal surface. Sloughing of mucosa with variable degree was noted.
The data, obtained by the analysis of serum, statistically indicated that the concentration of serum uric acid, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, serum alkaline phosphatase and serum lactic dehydrogenase was increased significantly in infected birds.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0396,T] (1).
9.
Effect Of Vitamin A Deficiency And Excess On Immune System Of Broiler Chickens
by Ahmad Raza | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. Haji Ahmad | Dr. Shahzada Khurram Ashraf | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1994Dissertation note: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of different dietary levels of vitamin A (Excess, deficient and recommended) on body weight gain, lymphoid organs, haematological values, humoral response to NDV-vaccination, cellular response to tuberculin and phagocytic activity of neutrophils of broiler chickens.
The results of the study revealed that vitamin A supplementation at 20,000 1U/Kg feed had beneficial effects on the weight gains of birds; weight of lymphoid organs such as bursa of Fabricius, spleen, thymus and liver; serum antibody development against NDV vaccination; feed intake and feed conversion ratio; phagocytic index and delayed hypersensitivity index. Whereas, vitamin A deficiency had adverse effects on body weight gains; weight of lymphoid organs, serum antibody development agaist NDV vaccination, feed intake and feed conversion ratio, phagocytic index and hypersensitivity index.
No significant effect of vitamin A supplementationldeficiency was noted on haematological values.
From the results of this study it can be concluded that vitamin A is not an immunosuppressive agent when used at recommended level or even in excess (for short duration). Vitamin A deficient level in diet had detrimental effects on immune system in terms of lowered humoral and cellular responses and also decreaed phagocytic activity of neutrophils. Whereas, vitamin A supplementation at excess level improves cellular and humoral responses along with improved phagocy bic activity of neutrophils.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0398,T] (1).
10.
Study Of Pathogenesis Caused By Vitamin "E" Deficiency And Excess (Histopathology Of Brain, Livers, Spleen, Myocardium And Skeletal Muscles) In Broiler Chickens
by Robina Nasim | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. Muhammad | Dr. Shahzada Khurram Ashraf | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 1994Dissertation note: The investigation was conducted to study the effects of deficiency and excess of vitamin E on growth, hematology and liver, spleen, myocardium, brain and skeletal muscles of the broiler chicken. One hundred and eighty day old broiler chicks were divided. into three groups A, B and C containing 60 chicks in each group. Group A was maintained on a feed deficient in vitamin E. Group B was maintained on a feed containing excess of vitamin E at the rate of 300 il/kg. Group C was kept as control. All the said groups were maintained on said feed for 28 days. The weights of the birds from each group were taken every week. All the groups were kept under close observations to record signs and symptoms upto the end of 4 weeks of age. 20 birds from each group were slaughtered for hematology (PCV, Hb concentration, TEC and TLC) and histopathological studies (liver, spleen, myocardium, brain and skeletal muscles). The weight of the organs (liver, spleen, heart and brain) were taken and recorded after slaughtering. There was a significant decrease in weight in group A and a significant increase in weight in group B as compared to control group C.
Antemortem symptoms were recorded throughout the experiment the birds of group. A showed loss of condition, leg weakness and slight paralysis of legs and birds of group B showed hock deformities.
The main necropsy findings were small hemorrhages throughout the body muscles more prominent on breast and thigh muscles and small pinpoint haemorrhages in brain and anemia throughout the muscles in group A. Haematological alterations were studied in all the groups i.e. A, B and C. There was no significant difference in total erythrocytic count among all the groujs. There was significant difference in packed cell volume haemoglobin concentrations and total leukocytic count. The total leukOcytic count showed significant increase in group A as compared to control group C. The main histopathological lesions of liver and spleen were necrosis and leukocytic infiltration in group A. No change was noted ub kuver abd sokeeb if group B. The brain showed necrosis, calcium deposits and haemorrhages and in myocardium there were necrosis, leukocytic infiltration and haemorrhages while in skeletal muscels necrosis, leukocytic infiltration and hyaline degeneration after 28 days of age in group A No. lesions were observed in group B and C (control)
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0446,T] (1).
11.
Studies On The Pathological Aspects Of Early Chick Mortality Due To Bacterial Infections
by Raza ur Rehman | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. Shahzada Khurram Ashraf | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1993Dissertation note: The present study was conducted to investigate the bacterial etiology in the early chick mortality in Punjab. For the purpose 500 dead chicks (1-2 weeks old) were collected and subjected to the bacteriological examinations.
Various media were used for the isolation, purification and identification of bacteria including MacConkey's broth, Selenite broth, S.S. agar, E.M.B. agar MacConkey's agar, Nutrient broth, Triple sugar iron agar, Blood agar, Mannitol salt.
The isolation of bacteria was done from heart, liver, spleen, yolk sac, intestine.
The standard techniques were used for biochemical and sugar fermentation reactions. The dead chicks were also examined for gross histopathological lesions.
Of 500 birds examined 56.8% birds yielded . cjj isolates followed by . pullorum (25.4%) and S. aureus (17.8%).
Sixty chicks suffering from Escherichia, Salmonella and Staphylococcus spp. infections (Twenty chicks positive for each genera) were selected for histopathological examination. The visceral organs (liver, lungs, heart, kidneys and spleen) showing characteristic lesions of diseases from 60 chicks were collected for histopathological study.
From the foregoing, it is evident that . cli, S. pullorum and S. aureus are major bacteria involved in early chick mortality. Therefore to avoid these infections, implementation of hygienic standards both at hatchery and brooder house, strict vaccination schedule; practice of disinfections, proper husbandry practices, testing of parent flocks for carriers, and finally strict quarantine measures are suggested.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0448,T] (1).
